Current Issues of Foreign Philology

THE FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE

2026-02-18T10:53:23+02:00

The article examines the functional component of the borrowing process, which has been of interest to linguists such as V. O. Ruban, P. D’Achille, P. Vettorel, G. Rogato, and others. These functions meet the needs of speakers who, in specific communication situations, face the challenge of selecting appropriate means of expression to convey a message. These needs can theoretically be correlated with the reasons for borrowing, which can be linguistic or extra-linguistic. Borrowings for non-linguistic reasons always carry a certain pragmatic load, which can be quite difficult for an outside observer to determine without delving into the inner world of the participants in communication. A paradigm of the main motivating factors for borrowing can be identified, however. These factors are fashion, prestige, expression, mystery and the stylistic colouring of English-language vocabulary. These are determined by the dominant position of Anglo-Saxon culture in the world. The article identifies eight main functions of Anglicisms: nominative, differential, integrative, euphemistic, expressive, manipulative, linguistic economy and orientation towards linguistic fashion. The nominative function is the main function of borrowing, and it is determined by the need to name new objects or phenomena. The differential function is a mechanism for lexical enrichment of the language through the differentiation of meanings of synonymous pairs formed when foreign words are adopted into the recipient language. The function of saving linguistic resources (compression) is achieved by replacing a synonymous expanded expression in Italian with a single borrowed word. The integrative function is primarily performed by Anglicisms-internationalisms, which simplify interethnic communication in many areas of human activity. The tendency to follow linguistic trends is most evident in the media sphere, where the use of Anglicisms is a common practice to elevate the perceived status of the speaker or the subject being discussed. The euphemistic function of borrowings comes into play when it is necessary to conceal the true meaning of a statement to avoid misunderstandings. The manipulative function is based on the addressee’s incomplete understanding of the borrowings, which allows the addresser to persuade them to make the desired decision.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE «LEARNED IGNORANCE»: LINGUISTIC AND CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS OF HALLUCINATIONS IN LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS

2026-02-18T11:05:12+02:00

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4, Claude, Gemini, and PaLM have demonstrated remarkable linguistic capabilities but suffer from a critical flaw: hallucinations – confident, yet unfounded, responses. These fabrications arise when models generate plausible-sounding information without a factual basis. Despite technical advances, the root issue remains unresolved: LLMs do not recognize when they lack knowledge. This paper explores this phenomenon through the linguistic and philosophical lens of docta ignorantia («learned ignorance»), a concept introduced by 15th-century thinker Nicholas of Cusa. Cusa argued that true wisdom begins with recognizing the limits of one’s knowledge. Applying this idea to AI, the paper contends that LLM hallucinations stem from their lack of epistemic humility – they «do not know when they do not know.» Rather than acknowledging uncertainty, they fabricate linguistically correct answers, potentially spreading misinformation and undermining trust in AI systems. The paper outlines several key contributions. First, it examines docta ignorantia and its relevance to epistemology and modern AI. Second, it analyzes the linguistics and technical causes of hallucinations in LLMs, such as probabilistic text generation and lack of grounded understanding. Third, it illustrates how existing mitigation strategies – like confidence calibration and retrieval augmentation – only simulate awareness of ignorance but do not resolve the underlying epistemological gap. Ultimately, this work calls for AI that mirrors a foundational principle of wisdom: understanding its own limits. By drawing on docta ignorantia, we can reimagine hallucination not just as a technical glitch but as a philosophical failure – one that can be addressed by rethinking how AI engages with the unknown.

COGNITIVE METAPHOR AS A MEANS OF ACTUALIZING THE MEDIA POLITICAL CONCEPT DEMOCRACY IN UKRAINE

2026-02-18T11:09:21+02:00

The article examines the role of metaphor as a tool for verbalizing the media political concept DEMOCRACY IN UKRAINE in American political media discourse. The aim of the study is to identify and systematize the conceptual metaphors that reflect representations of Ukrainian democracy in materials published by The New York Times. This research forms part of broader scholarly studies devoted to the conceptualization of Ukrainian democracy in English- language political media discourse during the period of Ukraine’s independence and highlights the general tendencies in the construction of Ukraine’s image in the American information space. Methodology. To analyze the collected material, the study employs a methodology for examining conceptual metaphors represented by multiple linguistic data (large thematically unified sets of metaphorical expressions) (Zhabotynska 2016; 2018), grounded in the core principles of classical Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Scientific novelty. This research offers the comprehensive analysis of metaphors describing Ukraine’s democratic transformation in American media from 1991 to 2022. Based on the examination of 374 metaphorical expressions, the study identifies 17 major formulas of conceptual metaphors associated with the referential domain DEMOCRACY IN UKRAINE. Special attention is given to the descriptions that specify these metaphoric formulas and their ability to reproduce dominant narratives about Ukraine’s political development throughout the analyzed period. The analysis reveals the dominance of ontological metaphors with correlating domains HUMAN BEING and PHYSICAL OBJECT, which demonstrate the highest metaphorical potential, reflect the anthropocentric nature of political conceptualization, and represent various aspects of how democratic processes are perceived – from emergence and consolidation to threats and challenges. Conclusions. Metaphor emerges as an effective tool for constructing political reality, shaping mental models, and influencing the behavior of recipients. The study confirms that the notions of “human being” and “physical object” play a key role in the verbalization of the concept DEMOCRACY IN UKRAINE in American political media discourse, providing the most stable and productive metaphorical interpretation of Ukrainian democracy. Prospects for further research include a comparative analysis of conceptual metaphors in media with differing political biases.

PLOT STRATEGIES OF HISTORICAL DETECTIVE: PATTERNS AND GENRE SPECIFICITY

2026-02-18T11:12:06+02:00

The article explores the plot strategies of historical detective as a literary phenomenon that combines detective intrigue with the reconstruction of the past and allows for a rethinking of historical events and social practices. The authors analyze the genre from the standpoint of narratology and literary theory, paying special attention to the compositional elements of the plot – exposition, plot, climax and denouement – and their role in creating dynamic plot tension. The concept of “double history” is considered, according to which a detective narrative includes the history of the crime and the history of its investigation, which allows for the simultaneous reproduction of a mysterious incident from the past and the process of its cognition by the investigator. A detective novel is defined as a “narrative of narratives”, demonstrating the general principles of structuring the narrative and at the same time performing the ideological functions of the genre. Analysis of modern foreign studies shows the integration of socio-political problems of the past and present into the plot, which makes the subgenre significant for cultural and historical studies. Special attention is paid to feminist transformations of the genre. Traditional traits of heroines – humility and passivity – give way to determination and independence of thinking, which affects the structure of the plot and turns the detective story into a more complex and multidimensional narrative. In Ukrainian literary studies, narrative and plot problems are considered through post-structuralist approaches and research into supra-level formations of the text. Theoretical works on the analysis of compositional elements of the plot and the interaction of characters provide methodological tools for an in-depth study of plot-forming mechanisms. The article proves that the historical detective is characterized by the integration of detective intrigue and historical context, where the plot is formed through the interaction of characters, historical events and artistic images. The genre specificity lies in the “double story” – the simultaneous solving of the crime and reflection on the past, which creates a multidimensional narrative, organically combining intrigue and historical authenticity. The prospects for further research lie in the comparative analysis of Ukrainian and foreign historical detectives, the study of the influence of the historical context on the plot creation and composition of works, as well as in the study of the feminization of the genre and its influence on the dynamics of the narrative.

PUBLIC SPEAKING: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION, QUALIFICATION FEATURES, FUNCTIONS IN COMMUNICATION

2026-02-18T11:17:14+02:00

Public speaking is one of the key forms of contemporary oral communication, serving to disseminate information, shape beliefs, regulate social interaction, and support professional activity across diverse fields. Its relevance has increased due to the growing significance of digital and hybrid formats of communication, which complicate interaction and introduce new demands for speakers. This article provides an integrated analysis of public speaking as a multidimensional phenomenon that combines linguistic, rhetorical, psychological, and social components. It examines the main definitional challenges, identifies structural and functional characteristics, and outlines distinctions between public speaking and other types of communication. Special attention is devoted to the qualification features of effective public speaking, including linguistic and rhetorical competence, non-verbal expressiveness, psychological preparedness, and strategic audience orientation. The study demonstrates that the effectiveness of a public speech depends on the speaker’s ability to integrate verbal and extralinguistic means, adapt to communicative situations, and consider the cognitive and emotional characteristics of listeners. The article also outlines the key communicative functions of public speaking – informational, persuasive, educational, social, and psychological – which operate on both individual and societal levels. The conclusions emphasise the need for an interdisciplinary approach that integrates methods from linguistics, rhetoric, pedagogy, psychology, and communication studies. Promising avenues for further research include the analysis of public speaking transformations in digital environments, the study of cross-cultural rhetorical models, and the use of AI-based tools for improving the preparation and assessment of public speech performances.

REPRODUCING THE SPEECH IMAGE OF THE INVISIBLE MAN IN THE NOVEL BY H. WELLS TRANSLATED BY MYKOLA IVANOV

2026-02-18T11:21:22+02:00

The article deals with the study of the methods of forming and reproducing the speech portrait of the Invisible Man in the Ukrainian translation of H. Wells’s novel The Invisible Man, carried out by Mykola Ivanov. The actual value of the work is due to the growing attention of modern translation studies to the analysis of characters’ speech as an important component of the artistic image, and to the need to preserve the individual stylistic features of the original during translation. The methodological basis of the study is made up by the research of T. Tsepenyuk, Z. Shevchuk and M. Berezhna. Based on their conclusions, the author considers the speech portrait as a combination of stylistic and linguistic characteristics that distinguish a character from others and form an impression of his/her social and psychological nature. The study aims to identify the reproduction features of the Invisible Man’s speech image as translated by Mykola Ivanov. The novelty of the work lies in the analysis of various speech manifestations of the Invisible Man in the first chapters of the novel both in the original and translation: from emotional, elliptical exclamations in the first scenes to restrained, laconic or, conversely, syntactically complicated phrases in subsequent dialogues and monologues. The analysis shows the ways the book style vocabulary, complex grammar structures, emphasis and specific reiterations form the image of an educated, restrained, but irritated person. Against this background, translation transformations used by Mykola Ivanov are analyzed: calque, adaptation, transposition, grammatical and stylistic substitutions, sentence segmentation, etc. Special attention is paid to how these techniques affect the emotional and stylistic expression of the main character’s speech. It is concluded that although the general features of the Invisible Man’s speech are generally preserved in the translation, a number of stylistic features of the original – primarily emphatic, bookish, and sarcastic – are in many cases leveled out due to objective differences between the languages and translation decisions. As a result, the image of the Invisible Man in the translation is partially shifted towards a neutral, more smoothed speech style. The prospects for further research lie, in particular, in analyzing the speech portraits of other characters in the novel and their reproduction in Ukrainian.

PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION IN A SCIENTIFIC TEXT

2026-02-18T12:03:29+02:00

The article aims to investigate a German-language scientific text, the essence of which is to reflect a certain system of knowledge, for which structured unity and integrity are an inherent feature. Methodology. Special attention is paid to describing the prerequisites for the existence of any text: at the text level, there is not a simple connection of units of all previous levels, but their integration, the creation of a new quality. The correlation of relations between objects, phenomena in objective reality and connections between structural elements in the text is emphasized. It is found that the hierarchy and multi-level nature of a scientific text belong to the main principles of its functioning: individual levels of the text as a system determine the configuration of its structural and content elements, and the interaction of all levels forms integrity. A corpus of scientific texts is analyzed taking into account the type of text (scientific, educational, popular science) and the features of the distribution of scientific information in the text field. Scientific novelty. It has been established that the basis of scientific information is universal mental operations for its processing and assimilation in the form of knowledge, which is the basis and condition for the distribution of information in the text into interacting dominant and background blocks of information. It has been found that terms, being special cognitive-informational units that accumulate scientific/professional knowledge, play the role of the dominant in the form of quanta of information (accumulation of main information), and non-terminological vocabulary plays the role of the background on which terms function. It has been determined that in accordance with the gradation of scientific texts, the processes of terminologization and determinologization of linguistic units and a different ratio of terminological and non-terminological vocabulary (reduction of one and increase of the other) are traced. Conclusions. Clarifying the specifics of the distribution of information in a scientific text as a ratio of dominant and background makes it possible to determine the features of the ratio of terminological and non-terminological vocabulary, which allows developing new directions in terminology, in the interpretation of the language of science.

SWABIAN DIALECT AND ENGLISH: AN ATTEMPT AT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2026-02-18T12:09:39+02:00

The article examines structural and historical parallels between English and the Swabian dialect, which belongs to the Alemannic branch of German dialects. Its aim is to identify phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic, and sociolinguistic factors that may explain the perceived closeness between Swabian and English. The study applies an interdisciplinary approach combining historical-linguistic, comparative, sociolinguistic, and ethnomusicological analysis. It investigates phonetic, lexical, morphological, and syntactic correspondences between the Swabian dialect and English, as well as social and cultural factors that contributed to the preservation of archaic features (distance from the influence of official written language, strong oral tradition, and musical culture). The article analyzes the parallel diphthongization of long vowels in the twelfth to sixteenth centuries in Swabian speech and the Great Vowel Shift in English in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. For the first time, the structural and historical proximity of the Swabian dialect to English is comprehensively demonstrated, supported by both linguistic and sociocultural evidence. Parallel processes of diphthongization, erosion of inflection, and shared syntactic tendencies are identified, pointing to a common Proto-Germanic origin. Particular attention is given to the likely contacts between the Angles (ancestors of the English) and the Suebi (ancestors of the Swabians) in Jutland at the beginning of the Common Era, and a hypothesis is proposed concerning the southward migration of a group of Angles in alliance with the Suebi. The concept of an Ingvaeonic–Suebi super-area is introduced as an explanation for the preservation of archaic features in both traditions. The findings confirm a greater affinity between the Swabian dialect and English than between English and other Upper German dialects, which is explained by historical contacts, the conservation of early Germanic features, inter-dialectal interactions, and high social mobility of the medieval population. The study opens new perspectives for comparative Germanic linguistics and interdisciplinary research involving archaeological and genetic evidence.

FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATING IT TERMINOLOGY: UKRAINIAN ADAPTATION STRATEGIES

2026-02-18T12:14:26+02:00

The article explores how functional equivalence can be effectively achieved when translating English IT terminology into Ukrainian, focusing on linguistic adaptation strategies and the challenges posed by the rapid expansion of global information technologies. Since IT communication is dominated by English, Ukrainian translators must ensure that borrowed or translated terms preserve both the conceptual accuracy and the communicative function of the original. The relevance of the issue is reinforced by Ukraine’s growing demand for standardized Ukrainian-language IT documentation, software interfaces, and educational materials. The study reviews recent publications that examine translation patterns for specialized terminology, showing that Ukrainian translators tend to rely on several key strategies: calquing, transliteration or transcription, equivalent translation, and descriptive rendering. Corpus-based research demonstrates that loan translations (calques) and direct Ukrainian equivalents constitute the majority of IT term conversions, as they ensure transparency and seamless integration into the grammatical and morphological system of Ukrainian. Transliterated terms though widely recognizable may hinder readability or violate language policy norms if overapplied. Meanwhile, descriptive translations are reserved for highly specific or structurally complex terms that lack established equivalents. The article highlights the importance of morphological adaptation, noting that English loanwords must be assigned gender and adopt Ukrainian inflectional patterns to function naturally in the target language. Examples include phonetic borrowings like «гіпертекст» or adapted forms like «беклог», which gain full grammatical integration. The research concludes that achieving functional equivalence requires balancing international recognizability with linguistic assimilation and user comprehension. Standardization efforts, cooperation between translation specialists and IT practitioners, and further corpus-based investigation are identified as essential for the continued development of coherent Ukrainian IT terminology.

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR OF CHARACTERS AS A DRIVING FORCE OF PLOT DEVELOPMENT IN THE NOVELS OF DANIEL KEYES

2026-02-18T12:17:06+02:00

The article deals with the analysis of deviant behavior in the novels of Daniel Keyes and its influence on the development of the plot. Deviant behavior, defined as a violation of social norms and roles, appears in the writer’s work not only as a psychological disorder but also as a key factor shaping the characters’ inner world, constructing conflict, and driving the plot forward. The relevance of this study lies in the scarcity of literary studies that analyze deviance as an artistic category, despite the substantial attention devoted to this topic in psychology, medicine, and sociology. The article examines the novels The Fifth Sally and The Minds of Billy Milligan by Daniel Keyes, in which the characters’ deviance is rooted in dissociative identity disorder. The plots of both novels are based on multiple personality disorder, which results in the deviant behavior of the main characters. Such behavior is not only perceived as unstable by the environment, but it also becomes the basis for further events in the narrative. The specifics of the artistic reproduction of mental deviations and their role in building the plot dynamics are traced: from the gradual disclosure of the internal conflict to attempts to integrate personalities and the struggle of the characters for the integrity of their own “I”. The study examines the nuances of artistic representation of psychological abnormalities and their impact on shaping plot dynamics – from the gradual development of inner conflict to attempts to integrate multiple personalities and the characters’ struggle for self-integrity. The analysis focuses on how various alter egos influence the characters’ actions, their relationships with others, social adaptation, and perception by society. Special attention has been paid to the depiction of the social reaction to deviance, which is one of the novel’s leading motifs in Billy Milligan, whereas in “The Fifth Sally” the theme of internal recovery and therapeutic interaction with the doctor dominates. Deviant behavior in these novels serves a dual function: it depicts a traumatized personality and, at the same time, drives the plot, shaping the nature of the conflict and the characters’ transformations.

FUNCTIONS OF CRIMINOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE NEWS OF BBC WORLD SERVICE

2026-02-18T12:20:34+02:00

The study aims to identify the specificity of using criminological terminology in the English language content of Crime BBB News, distinguish between thematic groups of terms and terminological collocations, and define their functions in shaping readers’ notions of the criminal justice system. To identify the research subject, the continuous sampling method was applied to the text material of Crime BBB News for 2025. The methodological foundation of the research was the scientific essay by J. R. Wilson that employs a philological and philosophical approach to determining the semantic volume of the «criminology» concept and proposes its expanded definition as an interdisciplinary and intermediary notion. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it reveals those aspects of criminological terminology that have not been thoroughly examined in linguistic studies, particularly its role in shaping the legal culture of Crime BBB News readers. The continuous sampling method enabled us to distinguish between еру four largest thematic groups of criminological terms denoting: 1) types of offences/crimes; 2) institutions and officials in the law enforcement system; 3) law enforcement measures and types of punishment; 4) individuals involved in a crime, both victims and criminals. The high frequency of criminological terminology used and its diversity allow for drawing some conclusions about the journalistic strategies employed by the authors. The delivery of news about crimes in the world on the Crime BBC News website is aimed more at developing citizens’ legal culture than at informing them and evoking their emotional response. News readers’ knowledge of narrow-field terminology contributes to shaping their notions of criminal justice system, including regulations that define an act as criminal, institutions and officials involved in criminal procedures, the specifics of bringing to justice, and measures provided for by laws to protect citizens’ rights and freedoms.

INFOGRAPHICS AS A TOOL FOR TEACHING LEGAL ENGLISH

2026-02-18T12:24:06+02:00

The purpose of this study is to explore the pedagogical potential of infographics in teaching legal English, with a focus on their impact on the development of vocabulary, grammar, writing, and speaking skills, as well as student motivation. The research builds on contemporary theoretical perspectives that highlight the importance of multimodality in language education, recognizing that learners construct meaning not only through text but also through visual, spatial, and design elements. In this context, infographics, which combine linguistic and visual modes of communication, serve as accessible, cognitively supportive tools that help learners process complex information, reduce cognitive overload, and build stronger connections between legal concepts and real-world applications. The methodology employed an experimental teaching design, utilizing teacher-generated and student-created infographics as instructional tools. Teacher-generated infographics introduced new material, guided classroom analysis, and supported writing planning, while student-generated infographics facilitated active language practice and oral communication. Students’ perceptions were collected through a closed-ended Likert-scale questionnaire and oral feedback. The topicality of the study lies in the integration of multimodal visual tools specifically within the legal English context, demonstrating how infographics can bridge complex legal terminology with practical language use. Results indicate that infographics enhance vocabulary development, reinforce grammatical structures, support the creation of coherent written texts, and improve confidence in oral tasks. Students reported improvement in their language skills and increased motivation, although some noted initial difficulties with complex visuals and creative tasks. Overall, the study confirms that infographics are an effective multimodal tool for developing language skills in specialized legal contexts and can be integrated into higher education curricula to promote both cognitive and communicative competence.

DISCURSIVE PRACTICES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SHAPING UKRAINIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY

2026-02-18T12:27:38+02:00

This article examines how discursive practices surrounding cultural heritage contribute to shaping national identity in the context of Russia’s war against Ukraine. The conflict extends well beyond the physical battlefield, unfolding across cultural, linguistic, and symbolic domains that shape present realities through the selective elements of cultural heritage. Drawing on Benedict Anderson’s concept of imagined communities, the study argues that Ukrainian identity is formed and reinforced through shared language, collective memory, and symbolic representation. Within this process, the legacy of Taras Shevchenko plays a defining role as both a cultural symbol and an iconic marker of Ukrainian national identity, as well as a site of resistance and an object of ideological contestation. The article analyzes how discursive practices around Shevchenko’s tangible and intangible heritage – monuments, texts, public rituals, and linguistic practices – have been reframed in competing political narratives. Russian discourse employs symbolic appropriation, selectively reinterpreting biographical facts and cultural meanings to position Shevchenko within a narrative of Slavic unity. Examples from Crimea and occupied territories demonstrate how staged commemorations and controlled representations serve to legitimize imperial narratives and suppress Ukrainian cultural distinctiveness. At the same time, Ukrainian communities mobilize Shevchenko’s heritage as a tool of resilience and cultural sovereignty. Actions such as protecting monuments, restoring suppressed inscriptions, transforming Soviet memorials, and rejecting falsified attributions illustrate ongoing acts of symbolic reclamation. These practices reveal cultural heritage as an active arena of meaning-making rather than a static inheritance. Through case studies and discourse analysis, the article demonstrates that Shevchenko’s legacy functions as both a target of manipulation and a catalyst of national self-definition. The findings reveal that cultural heritage in wartime serves as a powerful medium through which identity is resisted, defended, and reimagined.

PECULIARITIES OF UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH PUBLIC SPEECHES ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (BASED ON TED TALKS)

2026-02-18T12:31:39+02:00

The article deals with the study aimed at the specifics of the Ukrainian translation of English public speeches on environmental issues (based on TED Talks material). The relevance of the research is the growth of public interest in the problems of climate change, environmental protection and sustainable development to ensure effective communication and popularization of scientific knowledge. It is known that the TED Talks platform presents public speeches focused on the effective dissemination of important ideas for the correct understanding and formation of attitudes to the most pressing issues. The conference has formed its own principles, which include an expressive format of the speech, breadth of content, and the desire to find the most interesting people. Speeches on the TED platform on environmental issues have been chosen as the basis for the study. The relevant speeches, their structural, lexical-grammatical and stylistic peculiarities have been analyzed. During translation, specialists most often resort to the use of the extraction transformation, which is due to the strict technical requirements for subtitles on the TED Talks website. The main linguistic and translation difficulties are considered, including: the transfer of terminology, the adaptation of culturally conditioned realities, the reproduction of emotional and persuasive influence and rhetorical strategies of speakers. Typical translation transformations have been analyzed, namely: lexical, grammatical, stylistic and pragmatic, which ensure the accuracy, accessibility and effectiveness of communication in translation. It is concluded that the successful translation of environmental TED talks into Ukrainian is based on a combination of terminological accuracy, preservation of the author’s communicative intention and adaptation of the content to the expectations of the Ukrainian audience.

A FEMINIST AND POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS OF NATALKA BILOTSERKIVETS’ POEM THROUGH ENGLISH TRANSLATION

2026-02-18T12:34:56+02:00

The article offers an in-depth feminist and postcolonial analysis of Natalka Bilotserkivets’ poem “A Hundred Years of Youth” in comparison with its English translation produced by the diasporiс translator Myrosia Stefaniuk. The study focuses how translation strategies shape the representation of female subjectivity, cultural memory, and the political sensitivity of a text rooted in the Ukrainian late-modernist experience. The analysis demonstrates how the translation conveys the poem’s symbolism of resistance, its corporeal-emotional metaphoricity, and its portrayal of youth as a space of simultaneous freedom, loss, tension, and quiet resilience. Special attention is given to the ways in which the translator succeeds in preserving or transforming the rhythm, intonation, and allusions of the original, which constitute Bilotserkivets’ poetic voice and its resonance with Ukrainian historical reality. The article emphasizes that translation functions not only as a means of linguistic representation, but also as a crucial interpretive act through which gender roles, political codes, and national identity are re-conceptualized. The English translation is examined as a mechanism for integrating Ukrainian women’s poetry into broader global and diasporic discourses, where the original text acquires new readings, contexts, and interpretive horizons. The study highlights the key challenges of translating culturally marked poetry and defines the translator’s role as a mediator between the national experience and an Anglophone readership with distinct cultural backgrounds. The author underscores translation as a mechanism for representing Ukrainian women’s writing within the global academic space and stresses that the translation-oriented analysis of poetic texts opens new possibilities for further research on contemporary Ukrainian poetry, particularly within the framework of feminist readings by women-translators.

MINIMIZING CULTURAL AND CONCEPTUAL DISCREPANCIES IN SPECIALIZED TRANSLATION

2026-02-18T12:38:31+02:00

Covering a wide range of areas of human activity, specialized translation requires particular flexibility and attention to both the source and target languages. Fields that require expert knowledge and, therefore, a separate approach to translation range from law and medicine to diplomacy and military affairs. Linguistic, cultural, and conceptual discrepancies in each of these fields pose significant challenges for translation, not only undermining its accuracy and practicality, but sometimes leading to medical errors, diplomatic scandals, or even military conflicts. The purpose of this article is to analyze the sources of cultural and conceptual discrepancies in specialized English- Ukrainian translation and possible ways to eliminate them. The article focuses on three specialized areas of translation: legal, medical, and technical. The study uses a qualitative approach, which involves summarizing the available theoretical literature and analyzing individual examples to identify ways to minimize possible conceptual discrepancies in specialized translation. The analysis is based on key works in the field of translation studies, in particular Skopos theory, the semiotic approach, and models of cultural translation. The integration of context-sensitive approaches and linguistic and cultural competence enables translators to ensure adequate equivalence and effective communication in specialized fields. Based on theoretical foundations and practical solutions, the study focuses on improving the quality of translation in specialized fields. Effective specialized translation also requires close cooperation between translators and specialists in the relevant fields. The article contains recommendations for further research and practice aimed at overcoming cultural and conceptual gaps in translation.

CULTURAL CHALLENGES IN AI INTERPRETING

2026-02-18T12:42:14+02:00

The article addresses the limitations of current AI Speech-To-Speech Interpreting (S2S) systems in capturing cultural and pragmatic nuances It highlights that AI interpreters often fail to recognize subtle emotional cues, social dynamics, and cultural context, leading to miscommunication, alienation, or a perception of insincerity. The methodology involves analyzing existing architectures and proposing an advanced Adaptive Cascade architecture that integrates modules like Pragmatic Correction (PCM) and Tone & Style Control (TCS). These modules are trained via reinforcement learning with human feedback to enable dynamic sociolinguistic adaptation, considering cultural dimensions such as Hofstede’s model and social parameters like Power Distance Index (PDI) and Individualism/Collectivism (IDV). The scientific novelty lies in the systematic incorporation of sociolinguistic metrics – such as pragmatic adequacy and social acceptability – beyond traditional lexical accuracy. The approach emphasizes modeling social parameters and developing datasets annotated with cultural and emotional metadata to improve the interpretive quality. Overall, achieving truly effective cross-cultural AI interpreting requires moving beyond static models and lexical metrics toward dynamic, context-aware, sociolinguistically informed systems. The paper also discusses the potential for these systems to enhance diplomatic communication and international collaboration by reducing misunderstandings. It advocates for interdisciplinary research combining linguistics, AI, and cultural studies to create more nuanced and ethically responsible interpreting tools. The authors suggest that future work should include real-world testing in diverse cultural settings to validate these models’ effectiveness. Such advancements could significantly improve global communication, fostering greater mutual understanding and respect among different cultures. Integrating cultural dimensions into AI Interpreting can help prevent cultural insensitivity and promote respectful intercultural exchanges.

STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING COGNITIVE LOAD IN INTERPRETING

2026-02-18T12:46:50+02:00

This article investigates cognitive load, a key and heterogeneous factor influencing the quality, speed, and long- term durability of interpreting performance. As simultaneous and consecutive interpreting depend heavily on working memory capacity, interpreters must constantly manage the different cognitive demands and, in turn, identify effective load-reduction strategies to reduce errors and maintain accuracy under stress. The research aims to systematically analyze the theoretical basis of cognitive load in interpreting and to propose strategies to minimize overload by synthesizing information from cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, and cognitive psychology. The study provides an overview of influential cognitive load models, including D. Gill’s theory of effort and Sweller’s cognitive load theory, and presents a structured taxonomy that differentiates intrinsic, extraneous, and germane sources of cognitive load. The article also contrasts multiple load reduction strategies, including skill automation, optimized mental workspace organization, CAT tools, terminology management systems, and relaxation and/or mindfulness practices that promote attentional stability and cognitive endurance. Pedagogical interventions focusing on future interpreters’ learning (resilience, multitasking effectiveness, sustainable cognitive habits) are provided. Future research directions also highlight valuable areas for exploration (e.g., incorporating biometric measures into cognitive load determination and developing individualized training programs tailored to unique cognitive abilities). The study suggests that cognitive load is not in the background but in the center, influencing accuracy, productivity, adaptability, and long- term performance stability.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACTIVITY-BASED APPROACH IN THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE (USING MATERIALS FROM ENGLISH, GERMAN, AND FRENCH LANGUAGES)

2026-02-18T12:50:56+02:00

The objective of this study is to provide a theoretical substantiation of the conceptual framework and develop a holistic didactic model for developing grammatical competence in students of higher education institutions, based on the integration of communicative, activity-based, and competence-based approaches. The research covers the process of studying three foreign languages – English, German, and French – which allows for the establishment of universal and specific principles for the implementation of the proposed model. Methodology. To achieve this objective, a complex of interrelated general scientific and special research methods was employed. At the theoretical level, an analysis of philosophical, psychological- pedagogical, and methodological literature was conducted to define the conceptual foundations of the study; methods of synthesis, generalization, and systematization allowed for the formulation of the author’s definitions of key concepts; modeling was used to construct the structural-functional components of the didactic model. Scientific novelty. For the first time, a holistic didactic model for developing grammatical competence has been developed and theoretically substantiated. This model is based on the principles of the communicative and activity-based approach and is adapted for parallel application in the teaching of English, German, and French. The essence and structure of the concept of «grammatical competence» have been clarified as a synergistic unity of three components: linguistic knowledge of the grammatical system of a language, language skills and the ability for their automated use, and the capacity for the conscious and creative application of grammatical structures in various communicative situations. The criteria and levels of this competence’s development have been scientifically substantiated and detailed, which enables the objective monitoring of students’ academic achievements. Conclusions. The effectiveness of developing grammatical competence significantly increases with the purposeful and systematic implementation of the didactic model built on the principles of the activity- based approach. The central element of this model is a system of specially designed communication-oriented tasks that simulate real communication situations. Such a system ensures the organic integration of theoretical knowledge with practical language use, shifting the focus from the passive memorization of rules to their active and conscious application. This, in turn, contributes to increased motivation, the development of linguistic reflection, and ensures the robustness and flexibility of the formed grammatical skills.